Although this blog focuses more on the statements of the classical scholars, it is still beneficial to take into account the words of more recent shuyukh on the Caliphate:

Sheikh Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

“Allah has promised those of you who believe and do right actions that he will make them successors [to authority] in the land as he made those before them successors, and will firmly establish for them their deen with which He is pleased and give them in place of their fear, security. ‘They worship Me, not associating anything with Me.’ Any who disbelieve after that, such people are deviators.” [24:55]
“This masjid has a message. The message that every masjid must have and the message of the masjid is the message of Islam and about the Oneness of Allah and the teaching of the people so that they worship Allah, the worship of the people to their Lord to the establishment of the Khilafah Rashidah amongst them,” said Sheikh Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.
“RasulAllah ﷺ said, ‘Prophethood will be with you so long as Allah wills it. Then it will be removed if Allah wills. Then there will be Khilafah on the method of Prophethood, so long as Allah wills it, then it will be removed if Allah wills. Then there will be biting rule (hereditary rule) so long as Allah wills it. Then there will be oppressive rule so long as Allah wills it, then it will be removed if Allah wills. Then there will Khilafah on the method of Prophethood, then the Prophet fell silent,’”
[Sheikh Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Masjid Nur, Cairo, Egypt, 2011.

Sheikh Muhammad Hassan
“This is the promise of Allah and RasulAllah. I say to you, O youths of the ummah! receive these good tidings. By the Lord of the Ka‘bah, the great Battle will occur, and the banner of Jihad will rise upon the ground of Al-Quds (Jerusalem) and the Khilafah Rashidah will come to Al-Quds (Jerusalem)”, said Sheikh Muhammad Hassan, in February 2011, on a TV show.

Sheikh Abdullah Nasari
“What is oppressive rule? It is a ruler who forces the people to submit to himself. Such as Gaddafi (Libya): ‘Either me or I will burn everything’. Mubarak (Egypt): ‘Either me or chaos’. Ben Ali (Tunisia): … the same thing! Abdullah Saleh (Yemen): … the same thing! This is oppressive rule.” [Sheikh Abdullah Nasari, Egypt, April 2011]

Sheikh Abdul Majeed Al Zindani, Yemen – President, Iman University, Head of Yemeni Ikhwanul Muslimun
“During Ramadan last year, I was talking about political narrations. Prediction narrations and Islamic research, all of which indicate that the new Era for the Khilafah is on the way!”, Sheikh Abdul Majeed al-Zindani asserted in Yemen, March 2011, with a response of takbeer by thousands of Muslims.
“The majority if Islamic scholars today say that this period which we live in today is the period of oppressive rule. The rule by force. Be patient, so you can hear (what is to come). This oppressive rule, its usurpation of power is by force. And it maintains itself by force. And its downfall will be by force!”, said Sheikh Zindani.

Sheikh Hatim Fareed
“Our striving, now, must be in accordance with this text about which the Prophet ﷺ told us. We must strive to move from the era of the ‘Oppressive Rule’ to the era of Khilafah Rashidah on the method of the Prophethood. And all the times that is slipping through our hands these days, is a time that extends the life of this oppressive rule.” [Sheikh Hatim Fareed, at Masjid Bilal, Iskandariyah, Egypt, April 2011]
“So, either we continue to extend this period, or we try to shorten it and speak about Islam and about the Rule of Allah, The Exalted, and His revelation. However, there are some people who do not want this,” he added.
“They said: We want to to separate religion from politics. Religion is religion, and politics is politics. But in this too, they are in error. For indeed, if politics means managing the affairs of the land and people, then the Qur’an was specifically revealed to take care of these with the aim of guiding people towards the pleasure of Allah the Exalted,”said Sheikh Hatim.
“And if they said they wanted a separation from religion or to separate religion from politics, then that would be contradict my creed as a Muslim. Allah (SWT) says in the Qur’an, ‘If you disagree on a matter, then its judgment is for Allah,’” [42:10] Sheikh Hatim said.

Sheikh Dr. Hazim Shawman
“When the Islamic Khilafah, and the Shari‘ah was implemented, we had honour. We saw noble responses such as… ‘From Harun al-Rashid, the Leader of the Believers, to Nakfour, the dog of Rome: as to what follows, My reply is what you will see, not what you will hear (a promise).’ We saw him addressing the clouds, saying: ‘Go wherever you want, for indeed your Kharaj (land tax) will come to me here, insha Allah.’ We tasted honour, my brothers. But we strayed away from Islam.” [Sheikh Dr. Hazim Shawman, Egypt, March 2011].

Sheikh Hazim Salah
“Verily, the matter is certain and is definite, and in fact has the ijma‘ (consensus) of all scholars and the consensus is an evidence as the Prophet ﷺ said, ‘My ummah will not unite upon falsehood.’ A consensus is a proof… for example there is in fiqh, a consensus of scholars on the obligation upon Muslims of appointing a Caliph and establishing an authority/state to implement the rules of Islam – a consensus!” [Sheikh Hazim Salah, Egypt, February, 2011].

Sheikh Al-Zaghby
“O Muslims! Rise up to aid and support the call for Khilafah, even if it is at the expense of your lives!” [Sheikh al-Zaghby, Egypt, March 2011]

Sheikh Ali Ben Hadj
“The land of Islam is one, and is not allowed to be separated or divided. Indeed, there is a hadith of RasulAllah ﷺ that he said, ‘If an oath of allegiance is given to two Caliphs, kill the second one.’ In another narration, ‘kill the latter.’ This means that the original rule for Muslims is that they should only have one ruler who leads them.” [Sheikh Ali Ben Hadj, Algeria, October, 2010]

“And if someone else tries to fight him over the authority, the Prophet ﷺ ordered to kill him, in order to prevent the disorder and tribulations (that would arise from disunity). Look today at the Islamic world, how many presidents, how many kings, how many leaders … who if indeed they love the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet ﷺ, they would have chosen to instead tear down these borders and barriers, and select one ruler to rule by the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of Rasulullah ﷺ,” Sheikh Ali Ben Hadj further said.

Sheikh Nadir Al-Tamimin, Palestine.
“And that’s why I am calling you to this idea – the concept of Islamic activists united under the Islamic Khilafah, and by Khilafah, I mean the genuine Khilafah Rashidah.” [Sheikh Nadir al-Tamimin, Palestine, March 2011]